Resources
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Below is a set of useful downloadable resources about SNAP and using SNAP.
SNAP briefing document
A short briefing document of key points.
5-stages of SNAP diagram
An A4 copy of the 5-stages of SNAP – this can be useful as an aide memoire.
SNAP Tool patient letter template
If you need to send the SNAP Tool to patients by letter, it is important to get the messaging right within the letter so that patients understand what the tool is for. Here is a template cover letter for you to adapt for your service.
SNAP Delivery Plan
If you are introducing SNAP as a new intervention to your team or clinical setting you will find it helpful to complete, with your team, a SNAP Delivery Plan. There is a blank template for this and a guidance document to help you complete it.
These are also included in the “Implementation Resources Pack for Unit 2” on the SNAP training page. You will also find it helpful to complete SNAP training Unit 2.
Publications
A set of publications relating to the development and delivery of SNAP.
Gardener AC, Ewing G, Kuhn I, Farquhar M. Support needs of patients with COPD: a systematic literature search and narrative review. International Journal of COPD 2018:13 1021-1035
Gardener AC, Ewing G, Farquhar M. Enabling patients with advanced Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease to identify and express their support needs to health care professionals: a qualitative study to develop a tool. Palliative Medicine 2019;33(6):663-675
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0269216319833559
Gardener AC, Ewing G, Mendonca S, Farquhar M. The Support Needs Approach for Patients (SNAP) Tool: a validation study. BMJ Open 2019;9:e032028. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032028
https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/9/11/e032028.full.pdf
Gardener AC, Ewing G, Deaton C, Farquhar M. Understanding how the Support Needs Approach for Patients (SNAP) enables identification, expression, and discussion of patient support needs: a qualitative study. Chronic Illness 2021 DOI: 10.1177/17423953211047840
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/17423953211047840
Lundh-Hagelin C, Holm M, Axelsson L, Rosén M, Norell T, Suárez Godoy Z, Farquhar M, Ewing G, Gardener C, Årestedt K, Alvariza A. The Support Needs Approach for Patients (SNAP): content validity and response processes from the perspective of patients and nurses in Swedish specialised palliative home care. BMC Palliat Care 24, 73 (2025).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12904-025-01715-4
Conference presentations
SNAP has been presented at national and international conferences and a range of regional UK meetings for practitioners, charities, research networks and academics.
National and international conference presentations include:
European Association for Palliative Care (EAPC) 2020 – online
Association of Respiratory Nurse Specialists 2020 – online
European Association for Palliative Care (EAPC) 2019 – Berlin
European Association for Palliative Care (EAPC) 2018 – Bern
Marie Curie 2017 – London
European Association for Palliative Care (EAPC) 2017 – Madrid
British Thoracic Society – Winter Meeting 2016 – London
European Association for Palliative Care (EAPC) 2016 (Research Congress) – Dublin
Hospice UK 2016 – Liverpool
Published abstracts of key conference posters include:
Gardener AC, Ewing G, Farquhar M. Validation of the Support Needs Approach for Patients (SNAP) tool to enable patients with advanced COPD to identify and express their support needs to healthcare professionals. (Marie Curie 2018 abstract). BMJ Support Palliat Care 2018; 8:367
Gardener AC, Ewing G, Farquhar M. Tackling the rhetoric: an evidence-based Support Needs Tool to enable supportive and palliative care in advanced non-malignant disease (Marie Curie 2017 abstract). BMJ Support Palliat Care 2017;7:354
Gardener AC, Ewing G, Farquhar M, on behalf of the SNAP1 Study Team. Towards person-centred care: development of a patient support needs tool for patients with advanced Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in primary care (BTS Winter 2016 abstract). Thorax 2016;71(Suppl 3):A208-A209
Blogs
Blogs about, or related to, SNAP include:
Marie Curie blog introducing SNAP and the SNAP2 Study
Blogs outlining the six recommendations of the Living with Breathlessness Study – Recommendation 3 relates to the concept of SNAP