HitT - Projects

The following is an - incomplete!! - list of ongoing and planned projects that fall into the HitT domains. If you want more information please contact the person listed. If you want to have your project added, please send an email to info _at_ HitT-task.net. The list is partly based on the report from the Implementation workshop in Vienna, April 2007.

Field studies

Polar boundary layer

Many of the projects in this area are part of IPY. AICI (Air Ice Chemical Interactions) is an IGAC task coordinated by Eric Wolff and Paul Shepson and OASIS (Ocean-Atmosphere-Sea Ice-Snowpack) is an OASIS project coordinated by Harry Beine that both act as a platform for related field, laboratory and model studies. Many of the projects listed below are also endorsed by AICI and/or OASIS.

• ARCTAS: NASA IPY contribution (so far no halogen component but Hg) - NASA DC-8 in Kiruna during March/April 2008, May 2008 Fairbanks/Alaska (Chris Holmes, Daniel Jacob); part of POLARCAT
• ARPAC 2008, NOAA campaign with the P3 aircraft: Br2, BrO (Andy Neuman, John Nowak)
• ASCOS (Arctic Summer Cloud-Ocean Study), Icebreaker Odin (OASIS), August 2008 (Harry Beine)
• ASTAR 2007 (March 26 - April 17), measurement of aerosol and cloud properties in the polar troposphere using research aircraft; contribution to the POLARCAT program in the framework of the International Polar Year (IPY)
• Barrow field campaign (OASIS), winter/spring 2009; workshop 09/10 July 2007 (Harry Beine)
• CEFAC, BAS campaign at Halley, austral spring 2007, BrO, IO (Anna Jones)
• CFL (Circumpolar Flow Lead) Amundsen icebreaker - date? (Jan Bottenheim)
• COBRA (Impact of combined iodine and bromine release on the arctic atmosphere), Kuujjuarapik/Hudson Bay, field campaign (incl. artificial leads); lab studies on frost flowers (Lucy Carpenter)
• GSHOX, Summit, "Radical Chemistry over Sunlit Snow: Interactions between HOx and Halogen Chemistry at Summit", field campaign, May/June 2007, July 2008 (Jack Dibb)
• ICEALOT 2008, ClNO2 measurements (Joel Thornton)
• NIWA: Antarctic spring sea ice off Cape Byrd, BrO, Hg, O3, August - Oct. 2007 (Karin Kreher)
• O-Buoy Project, autonomous buoys frozen in Arctic Ocean, O3, BrO, CO2 - to be deployed early 2009 (Jan Bottenheim)
• OOTI, "Out on the ice",. Ongoing series of field campaigns on the Arctic pack-ice (Jan Bottenheim)
• "Particles, aerosols and ice nuclei from the sea ice zone", NERC studentship to be held by H Atkinson, Supervisers Howard Roscoe (BAS) & Peter Liss (UEA), collaborators D Hodgson & T Lachlan-Cope (BAS), B Davison (Lancs), J Plane (Leeds), C O'Dowd (Galway)
• "Physics & chemistry of frost-flowers & their resultant sea-salt aerosol", NERC grant, PI Prof M.H. Smith (University of Leeds), Co-Is H.K. Roscoe, E.W. Wolff, M. Hutterli (BAS), A Jackson (Leeds); Project Partner: G Worster (U Cambridge). Laboratory measurements of frost flower growth and dispersal sufficient to provide a complete parameterisation of the production of frost flower area, aerosol mass, and aerosol surface area, as required by modellers dealing with sea salt aerosol and halogen activation processes.
• Tara, ice-drifting sailboat, BrO, O3, 2007/8 (Udo Frieß)

Marine boundary layer

There is a number of ongoing SOLAS related projects (UK-SOLAS, D-SOLAS) and an EU project. Some of these are still in planning state.

• Bermuda Campaign: Production of marine aerosol in "bubbler" with ocean water strong OC and Ca2+ enrichment in small particles, (Bill Keene)
• INSPIRE (Investigation of near-surface production of iodocarbons: rates and exchanges), ship cruise: bio, seawater, air, late 2007 (Gill Malin)
• MAP (Marine Aerosol Production), 2nd campaign at Mace Head, Ireland mid-August-mid-September 2007 (Colin O'Dowd, Katja Seitz)
• MAPHINS (Marine Multi-Phase Halogen Chemistry and its Coupling to Nitrogen and Sulfur Cycles), German SOLAS, pot. 3x4 years, to be submitted (Uli Platt)
• RHaMBLe (Reactive halogens in the marine BL), finished: Roscoff (France) field campaign: very high inorganic I but little organic-I, upcoming: field campaign on Cape Verde and cruise in the vicinity of the islands, gaseous (XO, X2, XY) and particulate halogen speciation, May 2007 (Gordon McFiggans)
• SOPRAN (Surface ocean processes in the anthropocene), German SOLAS, ca. 30 groups involved, several ship cruises (around Cape Verde and Mauretanian upwelling areas as well as in the Baltic Sea) and long-term measurements (Cape Verde); very broad but several halogens related projects (Hermann Bange, Doug Wallace)

Other (terrestrial, salt lakes, ..)

• HALOPROC, "Natural halogenation processes in the environment - Atmosphere and soil" (incl. salt surfaces, dust, HULIS): iron catalysis, formation of organic and inorganic halogens, 8 groups, lab, smog chamber, field (Russian salt lakes) and model studies (funding decision soon; Heinfried Schöler)
• Hg emissions by salt lakes, Prof. Mae Gustin (U Nevado-Reno)
• Measurement of bromoacetone as indicator of bromine chemistry (Cornelius Zetzsch)

Longterm observatories
The following list comprises a number of networks that have not exclusively been set up for halogen measurements but can/do provide some halogen data:

• Cape Verde observatory (Lucy Carpenter)
• CARIBIC (2004-2014), measurement container aboard commercial aircraft, VSLS measurements by UEA (Dave Oram, Carl Brenninkmeijer)
• MAX-DOAS networks (U Heidelberg, U Bremen): Kiruna, Surinam, Neumayer, Kenia, Cape Verde, Lauder (NIWA), BIRA-IASB: Harestua, Observatoire de Haute-Provence, Reunion-Island and other locations (Uli Platt, Udo Frieß, John Burrows, Karin Kreher, Michel Van Roozendael)
• NDACC (Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change), new name for NDSC - now also includes tropospheric components.
• NOVAC (volcano gas emission network), focus on SO2 but BrO will also be measured (Bo Galle, Uli Platt)
• Satellite instruments (BIRA, U Bremen, U Heidelberg, Harvard, MPI Mainz): GOME, SCIAMACHY, OMI, GOME-2: BrO, IO
• "Longer-lived" halogen containing gases (incl. very short lived (VSL) according to WMO definition: lifetime less than 6 months); several networks e.g. NOAA which has a intercalibrated data set including many ship cruises and ground stations, also other groups like NCAR/U Miami (Jim Butler, Elliot Atlas)
• A protocol to intercalibrate and compare the measurements of organo-halogen gases has to be established in order to ensure that data from different labs is comparable and that trends can be deduced from the data (Jim Butler).

Upper Troposphere/Lower Stratosphere

• Several ongoing balloon and aircraft (Geophysica, BAe 146, CARIBIC) experiments, focus on "very short lived" (VLS, lifetime less than 6 months) compounds; main science question: additional injection of about 5ppt of bromine into stratosphere (see WMO 2006 report) (Klaus Pfeilsticker, Bill Sturges)
• Iodine budget in the tropical tropopause layer is not closed: organic iodine is present at ground level and in the troposphere but not in the UTLS region (Klaus Pfeilsticker)

Halogens and mercury

• Strong indications that Br might be important for the global budget of Hg, many Hg measurements are ongoing, the link to halogen measurements often weak/absent (Chris Holmes, Arnout ter Schure)
• Mercury deposition is an important topic for environmental agencies (esp. EPA in USA), halogens might be key
• Laboratory work on Hg - halogen oxide interaction is ongoing (Parisa Ariya)
  (I) Reactions of I2/I/Io with Hg: Kinetics, dynamics and modeling
  (II) Reactions of halogens with trace metals at environmental surfaces: Kinetics and mechanistic
  (III) Theoretical and kinetic studies of bridge intermediates upon reactions of alkenes with F, Cl, Br and I
  
• Modelling is ongoing

Volcanoes

• Regular measurements of halogen oxides at Mt Etna and other volcanoes (Nicole Bobrowski, Clive Oppenheimer, ..)
• NOVAC network will likely provide BrO measurements as well (Bo Galle, Uli Platt)
• HEVA - Halogen Emissions from Volcanoes and their impact on Atmospheric Chemistry (Virginie Marécal, ..)
  The overall objective of the project is to quantify the halogen emissions from volcanoes at the local and global scales and to study their impact on tropospheric chemistry and stratospheric ozone.

Model development/application

Global models

• Max-Planck-Institute for Chemistry, Mainz; ECHAM-MESSy, detailed treatment of sea salt aerosol source and aqueous chemistry, detailed gas phase chemistry (Astrid Kerkweg, Rolf Sander)
• York University, Toronto, GEM-AQ, core: Canadian weather forecast model with detailed gas and aerosol chemistry (Kenjiro Toyota, Jack McConnell)
• Cambridge Univ, p-TOMCAT (John Pyle)
• Univ. Leeds, GLOMAP, inclusion of halogen chemistry in progress (Ken Carslaw)
  The global aerosol modeling group at Leeds are implementing a tropospheric halogen chemistry scheme in their Global Model of Aerosol Processes (GLOMAP). This work is part of a larger SOLAS-funded NERC project on the global modeling of aerosol in the MBL. GLOMAP is a bin-resolving aerosol model that enables small changes in the particle size distribution and CCN concentration to be calculated, for example in response to changes in DMS emissions. The objective of this project is to extend the earlier studies of von Glasow and others to investigate how halogen chemistry might affect CCN production from DMS emissions. The scientists involved are Profs Martyn Chipperfield, Ken Carslaw and PhD student Tom Breider.
  

Process models

• Max-Planck-Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, MECCA, box model with detailed gas and size resolved aerosol chemistry (Rolf Sander)
• Univ. of East Anglia, MISTRA, 1D model with detailed gas and aerosol chemistry; size resolved treatment of aqueous chemistry is currently being expanded; applied for marine boundary layer, polar BL, volcanic plumes, salt lakes (Roland von Glasow)
• JPL, (Alfonso Saiz-Lopez)

Molecular modelling
UCI, PNNL, Czech Academy of Science; foci: Ions from salts & salt mixtures at the air/water interface, Interaction of gas phase species with aqueous interfaces, Alkyl halides at the air/water interface; calculation of accommodation coefficients and comparison with measurements (Martina Roeselova)

Laboratory studies

Frost flowers
Laboratory studies of structure and chemistry ongoing at BAS and PSI (Manuel Hutterli), also AWI; details about the BAS project: laboratory measurements of frost flower growth and dispersal sufficient to provide a complete parameterisation of the production of frost flower area, aerosol mass, and aerosol surface area, as required by modellers dealing with sea salt aerosol and halogen activation processes
Gas phase kinetics

Gas phase kinetics studies are ongoing at U Leeds (John Plane, Dwayne Heard), the Hungarian Academy of Science (Sandor Dobe), University College Cork (Dean Venables), U Manchester (Carl Percival), Univ of East Anglia (Stephen Ashworth) (other labs as well?) but an important lab (MPI-Mainz) has stopped working on this. Data compilations are available from IUPAC and JPL (both on the web). A lot of work is being put in a regular update of these compilations which should be advertised more widely.
Heterogeneous reactions

• UCI, droplet train technique (John Hemminger)
• CalTech, surface chemistry (Agustin Colussi)
  "Electrospray mass spectrometry of gas-liquid reactions in aqueous aerosols"
  Anions ejected from the surface of aqueous solution nanodroplets exposed to reactive atmospheres are monitored by online mass spectrometry. Accessible experimental variables include the chemical composition of the droplets and the nature and concentration of reactive gases. The detection of anionic reactants, reaction intermediates and products as function of experimental conditions provides direct kinetic and mechanistic information about the physical and chemical processes taking place at the air/water interface. The factors controlling interfacial anion fractionation, as well as the oxidation of I-, Br-, Cl-, SO32- and S2O32- in aqueous nanodroplets exposed to dilute O3(g) have been investigated to date.
  
• TU Vienna, halogenation of HULIS (Hinrich Grothe)
• TU Vienna, Matrix isolation of halogen oxides (Anja Zoermer)
• UC Cork: froz-ozidation (John Sodeau)
• U Cambridge (Tony Cox)
• Several other labs

Instrument development

• U Leeds, Laser-Induced Fluorescence detection of halogen oxides (Dwayne Heard)
• Cavity Ring-Down (CRDS) and Cavity Enhanced Absorption Specroscopy (CEAS) (Stephen Ball, U Leicester)
• DOAS Variants: Long-path DOAS, Multi-Axis DOAS (MAX-DOAS), Imaging DOAS, CEAS-DOAS (Uli Platt)
• UC Cork, Incoherent Broad-Band Cavity Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy (IBBCEAS): I2 (Dean Venables)
• Satellite algorithm development, ongoing focal points at U Bremen, U Heidelberg, MPI-Mainz, Harvard U, BIRA (Belgium), ESRON and KNMI (The Netherlands)