Lyrics and libretti are treated as separate literary works.

Fair Dealing

Musical works can be copied by any means (including recording) for

• private study and research
• criticism and review
• news reporting.

Courseware

Unlike the situation for books and periodicals, there is no licensing scheme covering the multiple copying of musical works, either in print or recorded form, for dissemination as course material of any kind. In the absence of licensing schemes, The Copyright Act, 1988 allows copying for teaching purposes as follows:

Non-reprographic copying by the person giving or receiving instruction, with no limit on how much can be copied.

Reprographic copying of no more than 1% of a work in any one calendar quarter (i.e. January-March etc). The number of copies made should be sufficient for each teacher and each student on the course to have a copy, and no more. Copying for performance by candidates in music exams is not permitted, but reproducing extracts in examination questions is.

The Music Publishers Association (MPA) has produced a Code of Fair Practice on the graphic copying of music; it can be seen on the MPA website and the copyright co-ordinator has a print copy. This code does not apply to all printed music, but is supported by the principal music publishing organisations. Key points in the Code are that for educational purposes multiple copying over and above the limits set in the Copyright Act 1988 is implicitly permitted provided that

• the amount copied is less than a whole movement of a work
• the copying is to facilitate study not performance.

Recordings

OFF-AIR RECORDING - UEA holds licences to record TV programmes off-air. These include broadcasts of musical performances. Unencrypted broadcasts not covered by these licences can also be recorded for educational purposes without infringing copyright.

PLAYING RECORDINGS - Playing recordings, including commercially-produced recordings, before groups or audiences does not infringe copyright so long as it is done for UEA's educational purposes and so long as the group or audience consists only of UEA staff and/or students.

Arrangement, adaptation, sampling

'Arrangement' , for the purposes of this guidance, includes transcriptions and sampling. These activities are also governed by moral rights.

The MPA Code of Fair Practice allows staff and students to make arrangements of musical works in the course of instruction provided that there is no public performance of them (that is, audiences are restricted to UEA staff and students). Copies and recordings of such arrangements must carry labels of a design specified by the MPA. Arrangements of works not controlled by the MPA's members are excluded and for any of these the copyright owner's permission is needed.

Stuff on the Web is not copyright-exempt in the UK. Only download material from verifiably non-piratical sources and use it solely for personal enjoyment, study, or research - unless there is a clear statement from the rights owner(s) that you can do more.