HIST3D4Y - Russian revolution

HIST3D4Y: THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION

Unit Organiser and Tutor in 2002 - 2003: Dr Francis King

Slot: E (E1-3) - Thursdays 09:00 - 12:00

Teaching format: One of 3 hours per week

Student work requirement Assessment Mode

Essays: 3 essays of 2500-3000 words OR 1 such essay plus a 6000-word project Weight 40%

Seminar contributions Weight 10%

Examination: 3 hours Weight 50%

Educational objectives:

- content:
This double-unit Special Subject examines the origins and course of the Russian Revolution and involves an advanced study of the different ways in which historians have interpreted the revolution. The first sessions consider the background to the momentous events of 1917, including the Russian revolutionary tradition. The core of the Special Subject is a close examination of political, social, economic and military developments during 1917, the downfall of the tsarist regime, the ordeal of the short-lived liberal-dominated Provisional Government, and the conjuncture that brought the Bolsheviks to power in October. Integral to the two units is the study of a selected range of documentary and memoir material available in English.

- skills:

the ability to understand the problems posed by primary documentation
ability to understand, discriminate between and analyse more complex theories and concepts
the ability to test hypotheses against more detailed evidence, examples and case studies, including those drawn from primary evidence
the development of group skills, including leading discussion and pooling individual specialist research
refining literary and oral skills, with particular emphasis on drawing upon primary documentation to develop sustained argument

Key texts:

E D J Acton Rethinking the Russian Revolution (1990)

E D J Acton, V Iu Cherniaev, W G Rosenberg eds Critical Companion to the Russian Revolution, 1914-1921 (1997)

O Figes A People’s Tragedy: The Russian Revolution, 1891-1924 (1996)

D H Kaiser ed The Workers' Revolution in Russia. The View from Below (1987)

M. Miller ed The Russian Revolution. The Essential Readings (2001)

C Read From Tsar to Soviets. The Russian People and their Revolution (1996)

J Reed Ten Days That Shook the World (various eds - 1st published 1919)

R Wade The Russian Revolution, 1917 (2000)

SEMINARS

SEMESTER I

Introduction

I Reaction and Revolution, 1890-1907

II The Revolutionary Tradition

III Pre-war State and Society

IV Russia and the War

V & VI The February Revolution

VII The Provisional Government

VIII & IX The Provisional Government

SEMESTER II

X Mensheviks and SRs

XI Mensheviks and SRs

XII Workers and Revolution

XIII Peasants and Soldiers

XIV Lenin: the 'April Theses' and 'State and Revolution'

XV The Bolsheviks in Opposition

XVI October

XVII October

XVIII The Bolsheviks in Power

XIX Revision Seminar

Course Test

SEMINAR QUESTIONS

I. Reaction and Revolution, 1890-1907

Intro 1: Account for the growth of opposition to the autocracy during the first decade of Nicholas II's reign and for the upsurge of protest during 1904-5.

a) account for growing gentry dissatisfaction, and for the liberal tendencies of the zemstva movement

b) assess the social make-up and the strength of the emergent liberal movement

c) account for the militancy of the Russian working class and the importance of the role it played in 1905

d) why was the peasantry so discontented and what were peasant goals in 1905-6? (1.2)

Intro 2: Explain the recovery of the regime's fortunes between October 1905 and June 1907

e) what was the most significant promise in the October Manifesto ? (1.1)

f) why did working-class protest lose momentum after October 1905 ?

g) what factors strengthened the hand of the regime from the winter of 1905 ?

h) why did dialogue between the regime and the first two Dumas prove impossible ?

i) why did the fortunes of the Kadet party decline so rapidly between 1905 and 1907 ?

II. The Revolutionary Tradition

Intro 1: Explain why young radicals were attracted to socialist ideas in general and Marxist ideas in particular

a) outline the main tenets of Russian populism

b) on what grounds did Plekhanov in Our Differences attack the populist position? (2.1)

c) on what grounds did Chernov and the SRs reject the Social-Democratic position? (2.2, 2.3)

d) why did the SR Fighting Organization assassinate Plehve? (2.4)

d) explain what aspects of Marx's ideas appealed most strongly to Lenin (2.5)

e) how far was the experience of activists on the ground responsible for winning them over to Marxism?

f) what were the key points made by Lenin, in What Is To Be Done? and on what grounds did he justify his concept of the revolutionary party? (2.6)

Intro 2: 'By 1914 the Bolsheviks had shown their approach to revolution was more attractive to the working class than that of the Mensheviks.' Do you agree?

g) how far were personal animosities to blame for the split at the Congress of 1903?

h) explain Lenin's attitude to the role to be played by the bourgeoisie and the peasantry in the revolution. (2.7)

i) why and how did the two factions differ in their attitude towards the use of legal opportunities for working-class political activity?

j) outline Trotsky's intellectual evolution 1902-14 and explain his relationship to the two factions

k) how far did the social composition of and following attracted by the 2 factions differ?

l) how harmonious were relations between Marxist intellectuals and workers 1900-14?

m) account for the relative decline of the SRs in the pre-war period.

III. Pre-war State and Society

Intro 1: Why was there so little harmony between the tsar, his ministers and the Third Duma?

a) explain Stolypin's wager on 'the firm and the strong'. (3.1, 3.2)

b) was Stolypin a conservative?

c) why and by what means was right-wing pressure exerted against Stolypin's programme?

d) why did the tsar fail to give Stolypin his full support ?

e) account for the decline of the Octobrist Party

Intro 2: Consider the view that even before the outbreak of war, the revolutionary overthrow of tsarism was inevitable ?

f) was rural Russia becoming more or less stable, 1907-14 ?

g) was the working class becoming more or less radical, 1907-14 ?

h) assess the factors enhancing and retarding the emergence of a socially coherent 'middle class'

i) what were the social bases of support for the regime ? Were they expanding or contracting in the period 1907-14 ?

j) assess the strength and reliability of the forces of coercion at the Tsar's disposal in the period 1907-14

IV. Russia and the War

Intro: Why did the tsarist regime not survive the First World War ?

a) what was the significance of the WICs and the unions of zemstvos and towns and why did they become so critical of the government ? (4.1)

b) how far did the demands of the Progressive Bloc address the causes of popular discontent ? (4.3)

c) why were Miliukov and his Duma colleagues so restrained in the opposition they presented to the regime ?

d) explain the attitude of the main protagonists in the Council of Ministers during the crisis of August-September 1915 (4.2, 4.4)

e) did Rodzianko spell out in full why he was so opposed to the Tsar assuming Supreme Command at the front ? (5.1)

f) did the Tsar's ministers spell out in full why they were so opposed to him assuming Supreme Command at the front? (5.2)

g) why did the Tsar assume Supreme Command ? (5.3)

h) were Russia's peasantry patriotic during the war? did the Russian peasantry have a sense of national identity?

i) how did the war alter the composition of the army ? Why was army morale so seriously undermined ?

j) why did the war so seriously disrupt the economy ?

k) how far did the war alter the composition of the working class in Petrograd ?

V & VI. The February Revolution

Intro 1: 'Responsibility for the February revolution lay with the Duma leaders and the generals as much as with the workers and soldiers of Petrograd.' How far do you agree ?

a) how far were the strikes and mass action in February 'spontaneous' and how far was it politically conscious ? (6)

b) when and why did the Duma leaders commit themselves to the revolution ?

c) how fully did the Tsar' abdication statement explain why he abdicated? (7.8)

d) why did the High Command decide against military intervention in Petrograd ?

Intro 2: Why did the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet decide to recognise and support the Provisional Government?

e) which side, the EC or the Duma representatives, was in a stronger position in the negotiations as described by Sukhanov? (7.2)

f) account for the initial dominance Mensheviks and SRs enjoyed in the Petrograd Soviet

g) account for Kerensky's membership of the first Provisional Government (7.5, 7.6)

h) account for the issuing of Order Number One, assess its significance, and explain Order Number Two (7.1)

i) how far was the policy of the Soviet Executive Committee towards the Duma leaders in line with rank-and-file feeling in the Soviet ? (7.4)

j) how accurate was the description of events which Miliukov gave in his speech ? (7.7)

VII. The Provisional Government - (1)

Intro: 'The failure of the Provisional Government is to be explained not in terms of incompetence or "errors" but in terms of the class nature of its policies.' Discuss.

a) why did the Provisional Government replace regional governors and how far may the Government's failure be attributed to its legal and administrative reforms ? (8.3, 8.4)

b) why did the Provisional Government make so little use of force ?

c) why did the Provisional Government fail to solve the land question ? (8.5, 8.6, 8.7)

d) assess the Provisional Government’s handling of the urban economy

e) explain the part played by the Ukrainian problem in the break-up of the first coalition government ? (8.8- 8.15)

f) did the Kadets deliberately slow down the summoning of the Constituent Assembly? (8.16-8.22)

g) how far did the Kadets dominate the Provisional Government ?

h) why was it that Kerensky came to enjoy pre-eminence within the Provisional Government ?

VIII & IX The Provisional Government - (2)

Intro 1: Why did the Provisional Government continue the war to the point of its own destruction ?

a) explain the differences between Rech' and Izvestiia in their attitude towards the Soviet Peace Appeal (9.1, 9.2, 9.3)

b) why did Miliukov adhere so closely to traditional tsarist foreign policy goals? (9.4, 9.6)

c) why was Miliukov’s note of 18 April so controversial and how did it differ in tone from the Soviet Peace Appeal? (9.1, 9.5)

d) how far did Tereshchenko's handling of foreign policy differ from that of Miliukov ?

e) how full an explanation of the Provisional Government's decision to launch the June offensive did Kerensky give in his order? (9.8)

f) how coherent was Lenin's attack on plans for an offensive ? (9.7)

Intro 2: Was the Kornilov affair an attempt at 'counter-revolution'?

g) how persuasive is Kerensky’s description of events in Prelude to Bolshevism ? (10.3)

h) how persuasive is the description of events Kerensky gave in his denunciation of Kornilov ? (10.4)

i) how persuasive was Kornilov’s description of events in his appeal for support ? (10.5)

j) what were Kornilov’s aims ? (10.5)

k) how far were the Kadets implicated in or sympathetic to the Kornilov affair ? (10.2)

l) did Riabushinskii's speech at the Moscow State Conference on behalf of commerce and industry imply support for Kornilov? (10.1)

m) how significant an impact did the affair have on public opinion and the political struggle ? (10.6)

X, XI. Mensheviks and SRs

Intro 1: Why did the Mensheviks fail ?

Intro 2: Why did the SRs fail ?

a) explain Tsereteli’s policy on relations between the Petrograd Soviet and the Provisional Government in March and April (11.1, 11.2, 11.3)

b) why did the moderate socialists decide to enter the Government in May ? (11.4)

c) what was 'revolutionary defencism'? why did the moderate socialists support the June offensive ?

d) what did Chernov attempt to achieve as Minister of Agriculture, and in particular in his Instruction to land Committee, and why did he fail ? (12)

e) what was Menshevik economic policy and why did it fail ?

f) what was the significance of the circulars issued by Skobelev in August (13.1-13.4)

g) why did the international socialist conference in Stockholm fail ?

h) what was the 'Democratic Conference' called in September and why did it have such difficulty agreeing a policy on the issue of coalition?

i) how did Chernov and Tsereteli differ on the issue of coalition after the Kornilov affair? (14.1a, 14.1c)

j) why did the moderate socialists refuse to the end to form an all-socialist, soviet-based government ? (14.1b, 14.1c)

k) on what grounds did Martov criticise the policies of Tsereteli ?

XII. Workers and revolution

Intro: Consider the view that the radicalization of the working class during 1917 is to be explained in terms of their own experience.

a) how far would you agree that it was skilled workers who proved most militant ?

b) was working-class militancy in Petrograd a special case, and if so why ?

c) how did the pattern of working-class militancy in Moscow differ from that of Petrograd?

d) explain the pattern of the incidence of strikes during 1917

e) why did factory committees play so prominent a role in working-class activity ?

f) why did factory committees demand 'workers' control', what was meant by 'workers' control', and why did factory committees tend to encroach increasingly on the sphere of management ?(15.2)

g) does primary responsibility for factory closures lie with workers or management ?

h) how 'democratic' were factory committees and workers' soviets ?

i) how and why did the attitudes of Petrograd employers towards workers' demands change between March and October ? (15.1)

XIII. Peasants and soldiers

Intro 1: 'An essentially autonomous and rational pursuit of their own goals.' Consider this

description of peasant activity during 1917.

a) explain the trends indicated in the table on peasant protest during 1917 (16.2)

b) land apart, what were peasant aspirations ?

c) in which areas was peasant activity most militant and violent, and why ?

d) how did peasants organise themselves during 1917 and how significant were the contacts they maintained with workers and soldiers ?

e) how faithfully did the SR party articulate peasant demands ? (16.1)

Intro 2: To what extent and why, during 1917, did soldiers and sailors cease being merely mutinous and become revolutionary ?

f) what were soldiers' aspirations and how far did they change during 1917 ?

g) account for and assess frequency of fraternization by soldiers of the Russian army (17.1, 17.2)

h) assess the impact of the June offensive on the army rank and file

i) account for the militancy of the Petrograd garrison

j) account for the militancy of the sailors of the Baltic Fleet in general and Kronstadt in particular

XIV. Lenin, the 'April Theses', 'The Tasks of the Revolution' and 'State and Revolution'

Intro 1: How did Lenin arrive at the position he adopted in his April Theses? Why did the party accept them? (18.1)

a) on what grounds did Lenin urge outright opposition to the Provisional Government ? (18.1)

b) in what sense if any did the theses mark a break with Marxism ? (18.1)

c) account for Lenin's victory at the party's April conference

Intro 2: 'Ill-founded optimism.' 'Cynical deception.' 'Realistic analysis.' Which phrase best describes Lenin's approach to the problems of peace, bread, land and power, May-September 1917 ?

d) how coherent and sincere was Lenin's approach to the problem of the war (18.2)

e) how coherent and sincere was Lenin's approach to the problem of land (18.2)

f) explain Lenin's comments on the possibility of peaceful development of the revolution (18.2)

g) was there a contradiction between Lenin's call for 'All Power to the Soviets' and the role he envisaged for the party ?

XV. The Bolshevik Party in opposition

Intro 1: Did the Bolsheviks attempt to seize power in July?

a) how justified and how effective was the Government's published charge that the Bolsheviks had received German gold ? (19.1)

b) how persuasive was the Bolshevik denial of the charge ? (19.2)

c) compare and contrast the account of the July Days given by Stalin and by the Public Prosecutor (19.3, 19.4)

d) what was Lenin's attitude during the July Days ?

e) what social groups were most heavily involved in the demonstrations during the July Days?

f) why did the Provisional Government survive ?

Intro 2: 'Internally relatively democratic, tolerant and decentralized.' (RABINOWITCH). How far do you agree with this description of the Bolshevik party during 1917 ?

g) when and why did Trotsky and his allies join the Bolshevik Party ?

h) how far did Lenin control the formation of party policy during 1917 ?

i) assess the change in the party's size and social composition during 1917

j) summarise and assess the debate between Marot, Smith and Rosenberg

XVI & XVII. October

Intro: A 'coup d'etat' or a 'popular revolution' ? Which term more accurately describes the Bolshevik triumph in October ?

a) how accurate was Lenin’s description of socio-political conditions after the Kornilov affair ? (20.1)

b) how accurate was Lenin's description of socio-political conditions in ‘The Crisis Has Matured’ ? (20.2)

c) how accurate was Lenin's description of socio-political conditions during the Central Committee discussions of 10 and 16 October ? (20.3, 20.6)

d) list the grounds on which Lenin sought to convince his colleagues that speed was essential (20.2, 20.5)

e) explain the attitude of Kamenev and Zinoviev towards the seizure of power. (20.4)

f) in retrospect was it Kamenev and Zinoviev or Lenin who proved to have the greater understanding of the situation ? (20.4, 20.5)

g) why did the Mensheviks and SRs leave the Congress? (21.1, 21.2)

h) compare Lenin’s Peace Decree with the Soviet Appeal for Peace in March (21.6, 9.1)

i) what was the central difference between Lenin’s approach to the land question and that of the SRs ? (21.7)

j) why was no compromise between the Bolsheviks and other socialists achieved in the immediate aftermath of the overthrow of the Provisional Government ? (21.3, 21.4, 22)

k) explain the role played by the Left SRs in the October revolution

l) how far does the composition of the Second Congress of Soviets demonstrate popular support for the October Revolution ?

m) what light do the Constituent Assembly elections throw on the legitimacy of the October Revolution ?

XVIII. The Bolsheviks in Power

Intro: 'Even before full-scale civil war began in June 1918, the Bolshevik government betrayed the policies the party had proclaimed before October.' Discuss.

a) Peace

b) Land

c) Workers' control

d) National self-determination

e) Soviet power

f) Military organization and formation of the Red Army

g) The Cheka

h) Democracy within the party

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Introductory, General, Reference

1. Acton E, Cherniaev V, Rosenberg W, eds Critical Companion to the Russian Revolution (1997)

2. Acton E Rethinking the Russian Revolution (1990)

3. Chamberlin W H The Russian Revolution, 1917-1921 (1952)

4. Figes O A People’s Tragedy: The Russian Revolution (1996)

5. Frankel E R et al eds. Revolution in Russia: Reassessments of 1917 (1992)

6. Kochan L Russian in Revolution, 1890-1918 (1966)

7. Pipes R The Russian Revolution, 1899-1919 (1990)

8. Read C From Tsar to Soviets. The Russian People and their Revolution (1996)

9. Schapiro L 1917 The Russian Revolutions and the Origins of Present-Day Communism (1984)

10. Service R ed. Society and Politics in the Russian Revolution (1992)

11. Shukman H The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the Russian Revolution (1994)

12. White J D The Russian Revolution 1917-1921 (1994)

13. Wade R The Russian Revolution (2000)

Links:

1. Chronologies:

Central Asian history (detailed on revolution period)

Russian History 1689 - 1917 (with links)

Russian and Soviet History 1917 - 1991 (with links)

Russian revolution in dates

2. Useful collections and general sites:

Alexander Palace Russian History Website - mainly about Nicholas II's court

Anarchist documents on the Russian revolution

Don Mabry's Historical Text Archive

From Marx to Mao

Lenin Internet Library

Russian History Home Page - John Slatter's site at Durham University

Russian History on the Internet - James Seaman's site

The Russian Revolution - website of miscellaneous links

Stalin Internet Library

Trotsky Internet Archive

Primary Sources

1. Ascher A The Mensheviks in the Russian Revolution (1976)

2. Bone, A ed. The Bolsheviks & the October Revolution: Minutes of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (Bolsheviks) August 1917-February 1918 (1974).

3. Bonnell V E ed . The Russian Worker: Life and Labor under the Tsarist Regime (1983)

4. Browder P & Kerensky A F The Russian Provisional Government 1917, 3 vols (1961)

5. Bunyan J Intervention, Civil War and Communism in Russia, April-December 1918 (1936)

6. Bunyan J & Fisher H The Bolshevik Revolution 1917-1918 (1952)

7. Cherniavsky M Prologue to Revolution: The Council of Ministries, 1915 (1967)

8. Freeze G L From Supplication to Revolution: A Documentary Social History of Imperial Russia (1988)

9. Golder F Documents on Russian History 1914-1917 (1927)

10. Keep J L H ed The Debate on Soviet power. Minutes of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of Soviets: Second Convocation, October 1917-January 1918 (1979)

10a. Kowalski R The Russian Revolution 1917-1921: Sources (1997)

11. Lenin V I Collected Works (1960-70)

12. McCauley M Octobrists to Bolsheviks. Imperial Russia 1905-1917 (1984)

13. McCauley M The Russian Revolution and the Soviet State 1917-1921 (1975)

13a. Pipes R The Unknown Lenin: From the Secret Archive (1996)

14. Vernadsky G A Source Book for Russian history from early times to 1917, vol. 3

15. Vulliamy C E The Red Archives (1929)

16. Zeman Z A Germany and the Revolution - Russia (1915-1918)

Memoirs and Eyewitnesses

1. Buchanan Sir G My mission to Russia and other Diplomatic Memories (1923) (2 vols)

2. Homberger E & Biggart J John Reed and the Russian Revolution (1992)

3. Chernov V The Great Russian Revolution (1936)

3a. Getzler I 'Nikolai Sukhanov's Zapiski o revoliutsii', Revolutionary Russia 7, no 1 (June 1994), 1-19

4. Kerensky A F The Kerensky Memoirs (1965)

5. Kerensky A F The Prelude to Bolshevism (1919)

6. Kerensky A F The Catastrophe (1927)

7. Miliukov P N Political Memoirs (1967)

8. Paleologue M An Ambassador's Memoirs (1914-1917)

9. Pitcher H Witnesses of the Russian Revolution (1994)

10. Reed J Ten Days that Shook the World (1922)

11. Rodzianko M V The Reign of Rasputin (1927)

12. Sazonov S The Fateful Years (1914-1917)

13. Shlyapnikov A On the Eve of 1917. Reminiscences of the February Revolution (1982)

14. Shulgin V V The Years: Memoirs of a Duma Member, 1906- 1917 (1984)

15. Sukhanov N N The Russian Revolution 1917 (1955)

16. Trotsky L History of the Russian Revolution (3 vols) (1932)

17. Tsereteli I 'Reminiscences of the February Revolution. The April Crisis', Russian Review 14 (1955) no 2, 93-108; no 3, 184-200; no 4, 301-321; 15 (1956) no 1, 37-48

Links:

Alexander Palace Russian History Website - various reminiscences from Nicholas II's court

Emma Goldman - My Disillusionment in Russia (anarchist critique)

Kerensky timeline (in German)

Lunacharsky's Revolutionary Silhouettes

Paleologue's memoirs

John Reed - Ten Days that Shook the World

Leon Trotsky - History of the Russian Revolution

Albert Rhys Williams - Through the Russian Revolution

I Revolution and Reaction, 1890-1907

1. Ascher A The Revolution of 1905: Russian in Disarray (1988)

2. Ascher A The Revolution of 1905. Authority Restored (1992)

3. Becker S Nobility and Privilege in Late Imperial Russia (1988)

4. Bushnell J Mutiny amid Repression: Russian Soldiers in the Revolution of 1905-1906 (1985)

5. Bushnell J 'Peasants in Uniform: The Tsarist Army as a Peasant Society’, Journal of Social History 14 (1980), 565-76

6. Bushnell J 'Peasant Economy and Peasant Revolution at the Turn of the Century: Neither Immiseration nor Autonomy', Russian Review 46 (1987)

7. Clowes E W, Kassow S D, and West J L eds Between Tsar and People, Educated Society and the Quest for Public Identity in Late Imperial Russia (1991) chs 1,4,5,9 to 13,16

7a. Conroy M S (ed) Emerging Democracy in Late Imperial Russia (1998)

8. Crisp O, & Edmondson L eds Civil Rights in Imperial Russia (1989)

9. Edmondson L `Was there a Movement for Civil Rights in Russia in 1905?', in Crisp & Edmondson, eds. Civil Rights in Imperial Russia (1989)

10. Emmons T & Vucinich W eds The Zemstvo in Russia. An Experiment in Local Self-government (1982)

11. Emmons T `Russia's banquet campaign', California Slavic Studies, X (1977), 45-86

12. Emmons T `The statutes of the Union of Liberation', Russian Review 33 (1974), 80-85

13. Emmons T The Formation of Political Parties and the First National Elections in Russia (1983)

14. Engelstein L Moscow, 1905: Working Class Organization and Political Conflict

15. Freeze G L 'The Soslovie (Estate) Paradigm and Russian Social History', American Historical Review, 91 (1, 1986)

16. Galai S The Liberation Movement in Russia, 1900-1905 (1973)

17. Gatrell P The Tsarist Economy 1850-1917 (1986)

18. Hamburg G M `The Russian Nobility on the Eve of the 1905 Revolution’, Russian Review 38 (1979) 323-28

19. Hamburg G M The Politics of the Russian Nobility, 1881-1905 (1984)

20. Hamm M F ed The City in Late Imperial Russia (1986)

21. Harcave S First Blood:The Russian Revolution of 1905 (1964)

22. Healy A E The Russian Autocracy in Crisis, 1905-07 (1976)

23. Karpovich M M `Two types of Russian liberalism: Maklakov and Miliukov', in E J Simmons ed, Continuity and Change in Russian and Soviet Thought

24. Katkov G ed Russia Enters the Twentieth Century, 1894-1917 (1971)

25. Kroner A 'The role of the Kadets in the Three Attempts to Form Coalition Cabinets in 1905-6', Revolutionary Russia 5 (1992), no 1, 22-45

26. Lieven D C B Nicholas II, Emperor of All the Russias (1993)

27. Manning R The Crisis of the Old Order in Russia: Gentry & Government (1982)

28. Mehlinger H D & Thompson J M Count Witte & the Tsarist Government in the Revolution of 1905 (1972)

29. McReynolds L The News under Russia's Old Regime. The Development of a Mass-Circulation Press (1991), esp. chs 6, 8, 9

30. Mosse W E `Bureaucracy and Nobility in Russia at the End of the 19th Century', Historical Journal (1981), 605-28

31. Perrie M `The Russian Peasant Movement of 1905-1907', Past and Present 55 (1972), 123-55

32. Pipes R E Struve. Liberal on the Left, 1870-1905 (1970)

33. Rieber A J Merchants and Entrepreneurs in Imperial Russia, (1982) chs 9 &10

34. Riha T A Russian European: Paul Miliukov in Russian Politics (1969)

35. Rogger H `The Formation of the Russian Right, 1900-1906', California Slavic Studies III (1961), 66-94

36. Rogger H Russia in the Age of Modernisation and Revolution, 1881- 1917 (1983)

37. Sanders J T 'A Closer Look at Indirect Tax Receipts and the Condition of the Russian Peasantry, 1881-1899', Slavic Review 43 (1984) (and the reply by J Y Simms)

38. Schneiderman J Sergei Zubatov and Revolutionary Marxism (1970)

39. Seregny S `A Different Type of Peasant Movement: the Peasant Unions in the Russian Revolution of 1905', Slavic Review (1988), 51-67

40. Shanin T The Roots of Otherness: Russia's Turn of Century. Vol. 2, (1986)

41. Shanin T The Awkward Class (1972)

42. Simms J Y `The crisis in Russian agriculture at the end of the 19th century: a different view', Slavic Review 36 (1977), 377-98

43. Simms J 'More Grist for the Mill: a Further Look at the Crisis in Russian Agriculture at the End of the Nineteenth Century', Slavic Review, 50 (1991)

44. Stavrou T G ed. Russia Under the Last Tsar (1969)

45. Surh G D 1905 in St Petersburg: Labor, Society and Revolution

46. Surh G D `St Petersburg's First Mass Labour Organization: The Assembly of Russian Workers and Father Gapon', Russian Review, 40 (1981), 241-62 & 412-41

47. Szeftel M The Russian Constitution of April 23, 1906. Political Institutions of the Duma Monarchy (1976)

48. Tidmarsh K `The Zubatov Idea', American Slavic and East European Review 19 (1960), 335-46

49. Timberlake C ed. Essays on Russian Liberalism (1972)

50. Wcislo F W Reforming Rural Russia. State, Local Society and National Politics, 1855-1914 (1900), chs. 7-8

51. Werner A M The Crisis of Russian Autocracy. Nicholas II and the 1905 Revolution (1990)

Links:

Assassination of Plehve - Socialist-Revolutionaries' justification (1904)

Constitution of 1906

Election manifesto - Union of Russian People (Black Hundreds) and Russian Assembly (1906)

Michael Melancon - The Ninth Circle: The Lena Goldfield Workers and the Massacre of 4 April 1912

The October 1905 Manifesto

Programme of the Kadet Party

Programme of the Nationalists

Programme of the Octobrists

Programme of the Union of the Russian People (Black Hundreds)

Stolypin's agrarian reform of 1906

II The Revolutionary Tradition

1. Pomper P The Russian Revolutionary Intelligentsia (1970)

2. Szamuely T The Russian Tradition (1972)

3. Khoros V et al The Russian Revolutionary Tradition (1968)

4. Malia M `What is the Russian Intelligentsia?' in R Pipes ed. The Russian Intelligentsia (1961)

5. Brower D R Training the Nihilists. Education and Radicalism in Tsarist Russia (1975)

6. Kassow S D Students, Professors and the State in Tsarist Russia (1989)

7. Wildman A K `The Russian Intelligentsia of the 1890's, Slavic Review, (1989) 19 (1960), 157-79

8. Ascher A Pavel Axelrod and the Development of Menshevism (1972)

9. Baron S H Plekhanov: The Father of Russian Marxism (1963)

10. Kolakowski L Main Currents of Marxism, vol 2: The Golden Age (1978)

11. Walicki A A History of Russian Thought from the Enlightenment to Marxism (1980)

12. Deutscher I The Prophet Armed: Trotsky, 1879-1921 (1954)

13. Knei-Paz L The Social and Political Thought of Leon Trotsky (1978)

14. Trotsky L 1905 (1964)

15. Trotsky L The Permanent Revolution (1964)

16. Trotsky L Results and Prospects (1964)

17. Brotherstone T & Dukes P, ed The Trotsky Reappraisal (1992)

18. Getzler I Martov: A Political Biography of a Russian Social Democrat (1967)

19. Haimson L et al The Making of Three Russian Revolutionaries. Voices from the Menshevik Past (1987)

20. Harding N Lenin's Political Thought, Vol 1 (1977)

21. Lenin What is to be done? (London, 1968) see Introduction by Robert Service

22. Service R Lenin. A Political Life, Vols 1 & 2 (1989, 1990)

23. Kingston-Mann E Lenin and the Problem of Marxist Peasant Revolution (1983)

24. Pipes R E `The Origins of Bolshevism: the Intellectual Evolution of Young Lenin', in R E Pipes, ed, Revolutionary Russia (1968)

25. Pipes R E `Russian Marxism and its populist background: the late 19th century', Russian Review 19 (1960), 316-37

27. Besançon A The Intellectual Origins of Leninism (1981)

29. Haimson L H The Russian Marxists and the Origins of Bolshevism (1955)

30. Keep J L H The Rise of Social Democracy in Russia (1963)

31. Frankel J ed Vladimir Akimov on the Dilemmas of Russian Marxism, 1895-1903

32. Mendel A P Dilemmas of Progress in Tsarist Russia: Legal Marxism, 1895-1903

33. Harding N ed Marxism in Russia: Key Documents 1897-1906

34. Brym R The Jewish Intelligentsia and Russian Marxism (1978)

35. Frankel J Prophecy and Politics: Socialism, Nationalism and the Russian Jews 1862-1917 (1981)

36. Read C Religion, Revolution and the Russian Intelligentsia (1971)

37. Brym R Intellectuals and Politics (1980), esp pp. 42-8

38. Corrigan P, Ramsay H & Sayer D, Socialist Construction and Marxist Theory (1978)

39. Gombin R The Radical Tradition. A Study in Modern Revolutionary Thought (1978)

40. Konrad G & Szelenyi I, The Intellectuals on the Road to Class Power (1979)

41. Shatz M S Jan Waclaw Machajski. A Radical Critic of the Russian Intelligentsia and Socialism (1989)

42. Nahirny V The Russian Intelligentsia: From Torment to Silence (1983)

43. Seton-Watson H `The Russian Intellectuals', Encounter (Sept. 1955), 42-50

44. Naimark N Terrorists and Social Democrats. The Russian Revolutionary Movement under Alexander III (1983)

45. Offord D The Russian Revolutionary Movement in the 1880s (1986)

46. Elwood R C Russian Social Democracy in the Underground: A Study of the RSDRP in the Ukraine, 1907-1914 (1974)

47. Elwood R C `Lenin and Pravda 1912-1914' , Slavic Review 31 (1972), 355-80

48. Elwood R C ed Vserossiiskaya Konferentsiya RSDRP 1912 goda (Introduction) (1982). See EDJA

49. Williams R C The Other Bolsheviks. Lenin and his Critics, 1904- 1914 (1986)

50. Lane D S The Roots of Russian Communism. A Social and Historical Study of Russian Social-Democracy 1898-1907 (1975)

51. Pipes R E Struve. Liberal on the Left, 1870-1905

52. Pipes R E Social Democracy and the St Petersburg Labor Movement, 1885-1897 (1963)

53. Schwarz S M The Russian Revolution of 1905: The Workers' Movement and the Formation of Bolshevism and Menshevism (1967)

54. McKean R B St Petersburg Between the Revolutions. Workers and Revolutionaries, June 1907-February 1917 (1990)

55. Bonnell V E Roots of Rebellion: Workers' Politics and Organizations in St. Petersburg and Moscow, 1900-1914 (1983)

56. Wildman A K The Making of a Workers' Revolution: Russian Social Democracy, 1891-1903 (1967)

57. Zelnik R `Russian Workers and the Revolutionary Movement', Journal of Social History 6 (1972), 214-36

58. Keep J L H `Russian Social-Democracy and the First State Duma', Slavonic and East European Review 34 (1955-56)

59. Levin A The Second Duma: a Study of the Social-Democratic Party and the Russian Constitutional Experiment (1940)

60. Suny R `Labor and Liquidators: revolutionaries and the `reaction' in Baku, 1908-1912', Slavic Review 34 (1975), 319-46

61. Swain G Russian Social Democracy and the Legal Labour Movement, 1906-1914 (1983)

62. Venturi F Studies in Free Russia (1982), ch. 7

63. Walicki A The Controversy over Capitalism. Studies in the Social Philosophy of the Russian Populists (1969)

64. Service R `Russian Populism and Russian Marxism: Two Skeins Entangled', in R Bartlett, ed, Russian Thought and Society, 1800-1917 (1984)

65. Baynac J `Political and Economic Terror in the Tactics of the Russian SR party before 1914', in W J Mommsen & G Hirschfeld eds. Social Protest, Violence and Terror in Nineteenth and Twentieth-Century Europe (1982)

66. Hildermeier M `Neopopulism and Modernization: the debate in theory and tactics in the SR Party, 1905-1914', Russian Review, 34 (1975), 453-75

67. Melancon M `The SR's from 1902-1907: A Peasant and Workers' Party', Russian History 12 (1985), 2-47

68. Melancon M The Socialist Revolutionaries and the Russian Anti-War Movement, 1914-1917 (1990)

69. Perrie M The Agrarian Policy of the Russian Socialist-Revolutionary Party from its Origins through the Revolution of 1905-1907 (1976)

70. Perrie M 'The social composition and structure of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party before 1917', Soviet Studies 24 (1973), 223-50

72. Radkey O `Chernov and agrarian socialism before 1917', in E J Simmons, ed. Continuity and Change in Russian and Soviet Thought

73. Radkey O H The Agrarian Foes of Bolshevism. Promise and Default of the Russian Socialist Revolutionaries, February to October 1917 (1958)

74. Rice C Russian Workers and the Socialist-Revolutionary Party through the Revolution of 1905-07 (1988)

75. Schleifman N Undercover Agents in the Russian Revolutionary Movement. The SR Party 1902-1914 (1988)

Links:

Menshevik tactics in 1905

Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party programme, 1903

Socialist-Revolutionary Party programme, 1905

III Pre-War State and Society

1. Atkinson D The End of the Russian Land Commune,1905-30 (1983)

2. Atkinson D `The Statistics on the Russian Land Commune, 1907-1917', Slavic Review 32 (1973), 773-87

3. Bater J H `St Petersburg and Moscow on the eve of revolution', in D H Kaiser, ed, The Workers' Revolution in Russia, 1917. The View from Below (1987)

4. Bartlett R ed Land Commune and Peasant Community in Russia (1990)

5. Bonnell V E Roots of Rebellion: Workers' Politics and Organization in St Petersburg and Moscow, 1900-1914

6. Bonnell V E 'Radical Politics and Organized Labour in Pre-Revolutionary Moscow, 1905-1914', Journal of Social History 12 (2, 1978)

7. Bonnell V E 'Trade Unions, Parties and State in Tsarist Russia: A Study of Politics in Moscow and Petersburg', Politics and Society 9 (3, 1980)

8. Bonnell V `Radical politics and Organized Labor in Pre-Revolutionary Moscow, 1905-1914', Journal of Social History 13 (1979), 282-300

9. Brook J When Russia Learned to Read: Literacy and Popular Literature, 1861-1917 (1985)

10. Clowes E & Kassow S eds Between Tsar and People: Educated Society and the Quest for Public Identity in Late Imperial Russia (1991)

11. Crisp O Studies in the Russian Economy before 1914 (1976)

12. Edmondson L Feminism in Russia, 1900-1917 (1984)

Edelman R Gentry Politics on the Eve of the Russian Revolution: The Nationalist Party, 1907-1917 (1980)

13. Ewing S 'The Russian Social Insurance Movement, 1912-1914: An Ideological Analysis', Slavic Review 50 (4, 1991)

14. Ferenzi C `Freedom of the Press under the Old Regime, 1905-1914', in Crisp & Edmondson, eds, Civil Rights in Imperial Russia (1989)

14a. Figes O & Kolonitskii B 'The Desacrilization of the Monarchy: Rumours and the Downfall of the Romanovs', in Figes & Kolonitskii, Interpreting the Russian Revolution

15. Florinsky M T The End of the Russian Empire (1931)

16. Fuller W C Civil-Military Conflict in Imperial Russia, 1881-1914 (1986)

17. Gatrell P Government, industry and rearmament in Russia, 1900-1914. The last argument of tsarism (1994)

17a. Geifman A ed Russia under the Last Tsar. Opposition and subversion 1894-1917 (1999)

18. George M 'Liberal Opposition in Wartime Russia: A Case Study of the Town and Zemstvo Unions, 1914-1917', Slavonic & East European Review, 65 (No.3, July 1987)

19. Gerschenkron A `Agrarian policies and industrialization in Russia, 1861-1917', in M M Postan & H J Habakkuk, eds, Cambridge Economic History of Europe, vol VI (1965), pt 2, 706-800

20. Glickman R The Russian Factory Woman, 1880-1914

22. Haimson L H 'The Problem of Social Identities in Early Twentieth-Century Russia', Slavic Review 47 (1,1988), 1-20

23. Haimson L `The Problem of Social Stability in Urban Russia, 1905-1917', Slavic Review 23 (1964), 619-42, and 24 (1965), 1-22 (shortened version in C Emsley, ed, Conflict and Stability in Europe

24. Haimson L ed The Politics of Rural Russia, 1905-14 (1979)

25. Hogan H `The Reorganization of Work Processes in the St Petersburg Metalworking Industry, 1901-1914', Russian Review 42 (1983), 163-90

25a. Hogan H Forging revolution. Metalworkers, managers and the state in St Petersburg, 1890-1914 (1994)

26. Hosking G A The Russian Constitutional Experiment: Government and Duma, 1907-1914 (1973)

27. Kassow S D Students, Professors and the State in Tsarist Russia (1989)

28. Levin A The Third Duma: Election and Profile (1973)

29. Lieven D C B Russia's Rulers under the Old Regime (1989)

30. Macey D A J 'Government Actions and Peasant Reactions During the Stolypin reforms', in R B McKean ed, New Perspectives in Modern Russian History (1992)

31. Mosse W E `Stolypin's Village', Slavonic and East European Review 43 (1964-65), 257-74

32. McDaniel T Autocracy, Capitalism, and Revolution in Russia (1988)

33. McKean R B St Petersburg Between the Revolutions. Workers & Revolutionaries June 1907-February 1917 (1990)

34 McKean R B The Russian Constitutional Monarchy, 1907-1917 (1986)

35. McKean R B 'Social Insurance in Tsarist Russia, St Petersburg, 1907-17', Revolutionary Russia 3 (1, June 1990)

36. McNeal R H ed Russian in Transition, 1905-1914. Evolution or Revolution? (1959)

37. McNeal R Tsar and Cossack, 1855-1914 (1987), esp final chapter

38. McReynolds L The News under Russia's Old Regime. The Development of a Mass-Circulation Press, (1991) esp ch.1

39. Pallot J 'Did the Stolypin Land Reform destroy the peasant commune ?', in R B McKean ed, New Perspectives in Modern Russian History (1992)

40. Pearson R `Privileges, Rights and Russification', in Crisp & Edmondson, eds. Civil Rights in Imperial Russia (1989)

41. Pinchuk B The Octobrists in the Third Duma, 1907-1912 (1974)

41a. Raleigh D J The Emperors and Empresses of Russia: reconsidering the Romanovs (1996)

42. Smith C J `The Third State Duma: an Analytical Profile', Russian Review 17 (1958)

43. Smith S `Workers and Civil Rights in Tsarist Russia, 1899- 1917', in Crisp & Edmondson, Civil Rights in Imperial Russia

44. Swain G R 'Bolsheviks and Metalworkers on the Eve of the First World War', Journal of Contemporary History 16 (April 1981)

45. Timberlake C ed Essays on Russian Liberalism (1972)

46. Thurston R W Liberal City, Conservative State: Moscow and Russia's Urban Crisis, 1906-1914 (1987)

47. Weissman N `Regular Police in Tsarist Russia, `1900-1914', Russian Review, 44 (1985), 45-68

48. Wildman A K The End of the Russian Imperial Army: The Old Army and the Soldiers' Revolt (March-April, 1917) (1990) chs 1 & 2.

49. Zuckerman F S 'Political Police and Revolution: The Impact of the 1905 Revolution on the Tsarist Secret Police', Journal of Contemporary History 27 (1992), no 2, 279-300

50. von Laue T `The Chances of Liberal Constitutionalism', Slavic Review 24 (1965)

51. Weissman N B Reform in Tsarist Russia: the State Bureaucracy and Local Government, 1900-1914 (1981)

52. Wcislo F W Reforming Rural Russia. State, Local Society and National Politics, 1855-1914 (1990), chs. 7-8

53. Waldron P 'Stolypin and Finland', Slavonic & East European Review 63 (1, 1985)

54. Waldron P `Religious Toleration in Late Imperial Russia', in Crisp & Edmondson, eds. Civil Rights in Imperial Russia (1989)

54a. Waldron P Between two revolutions. Stolypin and the politics of renewal in Russia (1998)

55. Zelnik R `Russian Bebels: An Introduction to the memoirs of the Russian Workers Semen Kanatchikov and Matvei Fisher', Russian Review 35 (1976), 249-89, 417-47

56. Zuckerman F S 'Political Police and Revolution: The Impact of the 1905 Revolution on the Tsarist Secret Police', Journal of Contemporary History 27 (1992), no 2, 279-300

Links:

Text of Gapon petition to Nicholas II

IV Russia and the War

1. Geyer D Russian Imperialism: The Interactions of Domestic and Foreign Policy, 1860-1914 (1987)

2. Lieven D C B Russia and the Origins of the First World War (1983)

3. Joll J The Origins of the First World War (1984)

4. Smith C The Russian Struggle for Power, 1914-1917 (1975)

5. Stone N The Eastern Front, 1914-1917 (1975)

6. Hardach G The First World War 1914-1917 (1973)

7. Wildman A The End of the Russian Imperial Army: The Old Army and the Soliders' Revolt (1980)

8. Mawdsley E The Russian Revolution and the Baltic Fleet: War and Politics, February 1917-April 1918 (1978)

9. Golovin N The Russian Army in the World War (1931)

10. Gurko V Memoirs and Impressions of War and Revolution in Russia, 1914-1917 (1918)

11. Denikin A The Russian Turmoil (1922)

12. Lukomsky A Memoirs of the Russian Revolution (1922)

13. Knox A With the Russian Army (1921)

14. Florinsky M The End of the Russian Empire (1931)

15. Jones D E `Nicholas II and the Supreme Command: an investigation of motives', Sbornik 11 (1985), 47-83

16. de Jonge A The Life and Times of Grigorii Rasputin (1982)

17. Rodzianko M V The Reign of Rasputin. An Empire's Collapse. Memoirs

18. Lih L Bread and Authority in Russia, 1914-1921 (1990)

19. Gatrell P 'The First World War and War Communism, 1914-1920', in R W Davies et al eds, The Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union, 1913-1945 (1994), 216-38

20. Pearson R The Russian Moderates and the Crisis of Tsarism, 1914- 1917 (1977)

21. Siegelbaum L H The Politics of Industrial Mobilization in Russia, 1914 - 1917. A Study of the War-Industry Committees (1983)

22. Gleason W `The All-russian Union of Towns and the Politics of Urban Reform in Tsarist Russia', Russian Review, 35 (1976), 290-303

23. Gleason W `The All-Russian Union of Zemstvos and World War I', in T Emmons and W S Vucinich, eds, The Zemstvo in Russia. An Experiment in Local Self-government (1982)

24. Rieber A J Merchants and Entrepreneurs in Imperial Russia (1982)

25. Roosa R `Russian industrialists during World War I: the Interaction of Politics and Economics', in G Guroff & F Carstensen, eds., Entrepreneurship in Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union (1983)

26. Keep J L H The Russian Revolution: A Study in Mass Mobilization (Part One) (1976)

27. Koenker D Moscow Workers and the 1917 Revolution, chs 1 & 2 (1981)

28. Hasegawa T The February Revolution: Petrograd 1917 (1981)

29. Haimson L & Brian E `Labor Unrest in Imperial Russia during the First World War', in G Sapelli & L Haimson eds, War, Strikes and Revolution (1990)

30. McKean R B St Petersburg Between the Revolutions. Workers and Revolutionaries, June 1907-February 1917 (1990)

31. Smith S A Red Petrograd. Revolution in the Factories 1917-1918 (1983)

32. Milligan S `The Petrograd Bolsheviks and Social Insurance, 1914-1917',Soviet Studies 20 (1968-9), 369-74

33. Mandel D The Petrograd Workers and the Fall of the Old Regime (1983)

34. Kenez P 'Changes in the Social Composition of the Officer Corps during World War I', Russian Review. 31 (1972)

35. Perrins M 'The Problem of Grain Procurement during World War I', Slavonic & European Review 6 (3, 1983)

36. Senn A E 'The Myth of German Money During the World War', Soviet Studies 28 (1, 1976), 83-90

37. Lieven D C B Nicholas II, Emperor of All the Russias (1993).

38. Jones D R ‘Imperial Russia’s Forces at War’, in A R Millett & W Murray eds, Military Effectiveness, vol. 1: the First World War (1988)

39. Figes O, Kolonitskii B Interpreting the Russian Revolution. The Language and Symbols of 1917 (1999), Ch 1: 'Desacrilization of the Monarchy'

40. Smith S 'Citizenship and the Russian Nation during World War I: A Comment', Slavic Review 59 (Summer 2000), 316-29 [see also articles by Sanborn and Seregny in same number of Slavic Review]

41. Smith J T 'Russian Military Censorship during the First World War', Revolutionary Russia 14, no 1 (June 2001), 71-95

Links:

Failings of the Russian Army Medical Service 1914

The German Declaration of War on Russia 1 August, 1914

Rosa Luxemburg, "The War and the Workers"-- The Junius Pamphlet (1916)

Russian Memorandum of Advice to Serbia 24 July, 1914

The Russian Orange Book - diplomatic documents on WW1

Savel'ev and Pestushko - Russia and Japan in the First World War

The Triple Entente Declaration on No Separate Peace 4 September, 1914

Tsar Nicholas' Declaration Against the Bulgarians, 6 October 1915

The 'Willy-Nicky' Letters

V & VI The February Revolution

1. Hasegawa T The February Revolution: Petrograd 1917 (1981)

1a. Hasegawa T ‘The February Revolution’, in Critical Companion

2. Boyd J R 'The Origins of Order No. 1', Soviet Studies 19 (1968), no 3, 359-372

3. Ferro M The February Revolution of 1917 (1972)

4. Katkov G Russia 1917. The February Revolution (1967)

5. Burdzhalov E N Russia's Second Revolution. The February Uprising in Petrograd (1987)

6. Burdzhalov E N 'Revolution in Moscow', Soviet Studies in History 26 (1987) No. 1, 10-100

7. Diakin V S 'The Leadership Crisis in Russia on the Eve of the February Revolution', Soviet Studies in History (1984-85), vol 23, no 1, 10-38

7a. Figes O & Kolonitskii B 'The Symbolic Revolution', in Figes & Kolontiskii, Interpreting the Russian Revolution (1999)

8. Geyer D The Russian Revolution: Historical Problems and Perspectives (1987)

9. Medvedev R The October Revolution (1979)

10. Anweiler O The Soviets: The Russian Workers' Peasants' and Soldiers' Councils, 1905-1921 (1974)

11. Hasegawa T 'The Bolsheviiks and the Formation of the Petrograd Soviet in the February Revolution', Soviet Studies 29 (1977), 86-107

12. Longley D A 'Iakovlev's question, or the Historiography of the Problem of Spontaneity and Leadership in the Russian Revolution of February 1917', in E A Frankel et al eds, Revolution in Russia: Reassessments of 1917, pp 365-87

13. Hasegawa T `The Problem of Power in the February Revolution of 1917 in Russia', Canadian Slavonic Papers XIV (1972)

14. Longley D A 'The Divisions in the Bolshevik Party in March 1917', Soviet Studies 24 (1972), 61-76

15. Longley D A 'The Mezhraionka, the Bolsheviks and International Women's Day', Soviet Studies 41(1989), 625-45

16. Melancon M S `Who Wrote What and When?: Proclamations of the February Revolution in Petrograd, 23 February-1 March 1917', Soviet Studies 40 (1988), 479-500

17. Longley D A 'The Bolsheviks and International Women's Day: In Response to Michael Melancon', Soviet Studies 41 (October 1989)

18. White J D 'The February Revolution and the Bolshevik Vyborg Committee (In reply to Michael Melancon)', Soviet Studies., 41 (October 1989)

19. Melancon M 'International Women's Day, The Finland Station Proclamation and the February Revolution: A Reply to Longley and White', Soviet Studies., 42 (July 1990)

20. Galili Z The Menshevik Leaders in the Russian Revolution. Social Realities and Political Struggle (1989)

21. Sukhanov N The Russian Revolution (1955)

22. Mandel D The Petrograd Workers and the Fall of the Old Regime (1983)

23. Smith S A Red Petrograd: Revolution in the Factories, 1917-1918 (1983)

24. Koenker D Moscow Workers and the 1917 Revolution (1981)

25. Mawdsley E The Russian Revolution and the Baltic Fleet (1978)

26. Wildman A K The End of the Russian Imperial Army: The Old Army and the Soldiers' Revolt (1980)

Links:

Appeal by Nikon, Bishop of Eniseysk and Krasnoyarsk, for support for the new authorities, 3/16 March 1917

Nicholas' abdication manifesto

Michael's abdication manifesto and other documents

Spartacus schoolnet site on the February revolution - contains some excerpts from documents and links

James D. White - The Russian Revolution of February 1917

VII-XI The Provisional Government, the Mensheviks and the SRs

1. Abraham R Alexander Kerensky. The First Love of the Revolution (1987)

2. Anweiler O 'The Political Ideology of the Leaders of the Petrograd Soviet in the Spring of 1917' in R Pipes, ed, Revolutionary Russia (1968)

3. Ascher A 'The Kornilov Affair: A Reinterpretation', Russian Review 29 (1970) no 3, 286-300

4. Basil J D The Mensheviks in the Revolution of 1917 (1983)

5. Chamberlin W H The Russian Revolution, 1917-1921 (2 vols, 1935)

6. Channon J 'The Landowners' in R Service, ed., Society and Politics in the Russian Revolution (1992) pp. 120-46

7. Elkin B `The Kerensky Government and its fate', Slavic Review 23 (1964)

8. Ferro M October 1917. A Social History of the Russian Revolution (1980)

9. Ferro M The Russian Revolution of February 1917 (1972)

10. Figes O, Kolonitskii B Interpreting the Russian Revolution. The Language and Symbols of 1917 (1999), Ch 3: 'The Cult of the Leader'

11. Figes O, Kolonitskii B Interpreting the Russian Revolution. The Language and Symbols of 1917 (1999), Ch 3: 'The Cult of the Leader'

12. Fleishauer J `The Agrarian Program of the Russian Constitutional Democrats', Cahiers du monde russe et sovietique XX (1979)

13. Flenley P 'Industrial Relations and the Economic Crisis of 1917', Revolutionary Russia 4 (2, 1991)

14. Galili Z Menshevik Leaders in the Russian Revolution. Social Realities and Political Strategies (1989)

15. Galili Z 'The Origins of Revolutionary Defensism: I G Tsereteli and the "Siberian Zimmerwaldists"', Slavic Review 37 (2, 1978)

16. Galili Z 'Workers Industrialists, and Mensheviks: Labour Relations and the Question of Power in the Early Stages of the Russian Revolution', Russian Review, 44 (3, 1985)

17. Galili Z 'Workers, Industrialists and the Menshevik Mediators: Labor Conflicts in Petrograd, 1917', Russian History 16 (2-4, 1989)

18. Galili & Nenarokov ‘Tsereteli’, in Critical Companion

19. Galili & Nenarokov 'The Mensheviks in 1917’, in Critical Companion

20. Geyer D The Russian Revolution: Historical problems and Perspectives (1987)

21. Getzler I Martov: A Political Biography of a Russian Social Democrat (1967)

22. Getzler I 'Iulii Martov, the Leader Who Lost His Party in 1917', Slavonic and East European Review, 72 (1994), No.3 pp. 424-39

23. Getzler I ‘Martov’ in Critical Companion

24. Gill G Peasants and Government in the Russian Revolution (1979)

25. Heenan L E Russian Democracy's Fateful Blunder. The Summer Offensive of 1917 (1987)

26. Hogan H 'Conciliation Boards in Revolutionary Petrograd: Aspects of the Crisis of Labour-Management Relations in 1917', Russian History, 9 (1, 1982)

27. Katkov G Russia 1917: The Kornilov Affair. Kerensky and the Break-up of the Russian Army (1980)

28. King F 'Between Bolshevism and Menshevism - the Social-Democrat Internationalists in the Russian Revolution', Revolutionary Russia 9, no 1 (June 1996)

29. King F 'The Russian Revolution and the Idea of a Single Economic Plan', Revolutionary Russia 12, no 1 (June 1999), 69-83

30. Kochan L 'Kadet policy in 1917 and the Constitutional Assembly', Slavonic and East European Review 45 (1967)

31. Kochan L Russia in Revolution, 1890-1918 (1966)

32. Kolonitski B I 'Anti-bourgeois Propaganda and Anti-"Burzhui" Consciousness in 1917', Russian Review 53 (2, 1994)

33. Kolonitskii B I ‘Kerensky’, in Critical Companion

34. Kolonitskii B I ‘The Press and the Revolution’, in Critical Companion

35. Lih L T Bread and Authority in Russia, 1914-1921 (1990)

36. Mandel D The Petrograd Workers and the Fall of the Old Regime (1983)

37. Medvedev R The October Revolution (1979)

38. Melancon M ‘The Left Socialist Revolutionaries, 1917-1918’, in Critical Companion

39. Melancon M The Socialist Revolutionaries and the Russian Anti-War Movement, 1914-1917 (1990)

40. Melancon M ‘The Socialist-Revolutionary Party (SRs)’, in Critical Companion

41. Meynell H `The Stockholm Conference of 1917', International Review of Social History V (1960)

42. Morris L P `The Russians, the Allies and the War, February-July 1917', Slavonic and East European Review 50 (1972) no 118, 29-48

43. Munck J L The Kornilov Revolt; A Critical Examination of Sources Research (1987)

44. Orlovsky D T 'Reform during Revolution: Governing the Provinces in 1917', in R O Crummey ed. Reform in Russia and the USSR (1989),100-125

45. Pearson R 'Miliukov’ in Critical Companion

46. Pipes R E Revolutionary Russia (1968)

47. Pipes R The Russian Revolution (1990)

48. Raleigh D J `Political power in the Russian revolution: a case study of Saratov', in E R Frankel et al eds, Revolution in Russia: Reassessments of 1917, pp 34-53

49. Radkey O The Agrarian Foes of Communism. Promise and Default of the Russian Socialist-Revolutionaries, February-October, 1917 (1958)

50. Riha T A Russian European: Paul Milyukov in Russian Politics (1969)

51. Roobol W H Tsereteli - A Democrat in the Russian Revolution. A Political Biography (1976)

52. Rosenberg W G Liberals in the Russian Revolution. The Constitutional Democratic Party, 1917-1921 (1974)

53. Rosenberg W G ‘The Constitutional Democratic Party (Kadets)’, Critical Companion

54. Rosenberg W G 'Understanding Strikes in Revolutionary Russia', Russian History 16 (2-4, 1989)

55. Rosenberg W G `The zemstvo in 1917 and its fate under Bolshevik rule', in T Emmons & W S Vucinich, eds, The Zemstvo in Russia. An Experiment in local self-government (1982)

56. Schapiro L 'The Political Thought of the First Provisional Government', in R Pipes ed., Revolutionary Russia (1968)

57. Schapiro L 1917. The Russian Revolutions and the Origins of Present-Day Communism (1984)

58. Smirnov N N ‘The Constituent Assembly’, in Critical Companion

59. Suny R ‘Nationality Policies’ in Critical Companion

60. Swain G The Origins of the Russian Civil War (1996)

61. Ulam A Russia's Failed Revolutions (1981)

62. Wade R The Russian Search for Peace, February-October 1917 (1969)

63. White H J `Civil Rights and the Provisional Government', in O Crisp and L Edmondson, eds, Civil Rights in Imperial Russia (1989)

64. White H 'The Urban Middle Classes' in R Service ed., Society and Politics in the Russian Revolution (1992) pp. 64-85

65. White H 'The Provisional Government’, in Critical Companion

66. White J 'The Kornilov affair - a study in counter-revolution', Soviet Studies 20 (1968-69) no 2, 187-205

67. Wildman A K The End of the Russian Imperial Army (2 vols, 1980, 1987)

68. Wildman A `Officers of the General Staff and the Kornilov Movement', in E R Frankel, Revolution in Russia (1992) pp. 76-104

Links:

Declaration of the First Provisional Government

First All-Russia Congress of Soviets, June 1917 - excerpts from resolutions

Electoral behaviour in 1917 - graphs & diagrams

Restoration of the Finnish Constitution, 1917

Socialist-Revolutionary Internationalists' justification of the July demonstrations, 1917

XII & XIII Workers, Peasants and Soldiers

General

1. Anweiler O The Soviets: The Russian Workers, Peasants and Soldiers Councils, 1905-1921 (1974)

2. Elwood R C ed Reconsiderations on the Russian Revolution (1976)

3. Ferro M October 1917. A Social History of the Russian Revolution (1980)

4. Keep J L H The Russian Revolution. A Study in Mass Mobilization (1976)

5. Melancon M 'The Syntax of Soviet power. The Resolutions of Local Soviets and Other Institutions, March-October 1917', Russian Review 52 (1993) 486-505

6. Pethybridge R The Spread of the Russian Revolution. Essays on 1917 (1972)

7. Shukman H ed The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the Russian Revolution (1988)

8. Smith S A 'Writing the History of the Russian Revolution after the Fall of Communism' Europe-Asia Studies 46 (1994), 563-78

9. Suny R 'Revisionism and Retreat in the Historiography of 1917: Social History and its Critics', Russian Review 53 (1994), no. 2 (see also Introduction by A Wildman)

10. Marot J E 'Class Conflict, Political Competition and Social Transformation: Critical Perspectives on the Social History of the Russian Revolution', Revolutionary Russia 7 (1994), 111-63

11. Smith S A 'Rethinking the Autonomy of Politics: A Rejoinder to John Eric Marot', Revolutionary Russia 8 (1995) 104-16

12. Rosenberg W G ‘Autonomous Politics and the Locations of Power: Social History and the Question of Outcomes in 1917. Response to John Marot’, Revolutionary Russia 9 (1996), 95-113

13. Marot J E ‘Political Leadership and Working-Class Agency in the Russian Revolution: Reply to William G Rosenberg and S A Smith’, Revolutionary Russia 9 (1996), 114-28

Workers

1. Avrich P `The Bolshevik Revolution and Workers' Control in Russian Industry', Slavic Review 22 (1963)

2. Avrich P `Russian Factory Committees in 1917', Jahrbuecher fuer Geschichte Osteuropas 11 (1963)

3. Berkman A The Russian Tragedy (1976)

4. Brinton M `Factory committees and the dictatorship of the proletariat', Critique (1975)

4a. Figes O, Kolonitskii B Interpreting the Russian Revolution. The Language and Symbols of 1917 (1999), Ch 4: 'Languages of Citizenship, Languages of Class: Workers and the Social Order'

5. Galili Z `Workers, Industrialists and Mensheviks: Labor Relations and the Question of Power in the Early Stages of the Russian Revolution', Russian Review (1985)

5a. Gatrell P ‘Russian Industrialists and Revolution’, in Critical Companion

6. Getzler I Kronstadt, 1917-1921. The Fate of a Soviet Democracy (1983)

7. Getzler I `Soviets as Agents of Democratization, in E R Frankel, et al eds, Revolution in Russia 44 pp. 17-33

8. Goodey C 'Factory Committees and the dictatorship of the proletariat', Critique (1974)

9. Hogan H 'Conciliation Boards in Revolutionary Petrograd: Aspects of the Crisis of Labor-Management Relations in 1917', Russian History 9 (1982)

10. Husband W B 'Local Industry in Upheaval: The Ivanovo-Kineshma Textile Strike in 1917', Slavic Review 47 (1988)

11. Kaiser D H ed The Workers' Revolution in Russia, 1917: The View From Below (1988)

12. Koenker D Moscow Workers and the 1917 Revolution (1981)

13. Koenker D `Skilled Workers and the Strike Movement in & Rosenberg W G Revolutionary Russia', Journal of Social History 19 (1985-86)

14. Koenker D & Rosenberg W G Strikes and Revolution in Russia, 1917 (1989)

15. Koenker D `The Evolution of Party Consciousness in 1917: the Case of the Moscow Workers', Soviet Studies 30 (1978)

16. Koenker D `Urban Families, Working Class Youth Groups and the 1917 Revolution in Moscow', in D Ransel, ed., The Family in Imperial Russia (1978)

16a. Koenker D ‘The Trade Unions’, in Critical Companion

17. Mandel D The Petrograd Workers and the Fall of the Old Regime (1983)

18. Mandel D The Petrograd Workers and the Soviet Seizure of Power (1984)

19. Raleigh D J Revolution on the Volga: 1917 in Saratov (1985)

20. Raleigh D J `Revolutionary Politics in Provincial Russia: The Tsarytsin "Republic" in 1917', Slavic Review 40 (1981)

21. Rosenberg W G `Workers and Workers' Control in the Russian Revolution', History Workshop 5 (1978)

22. Rosenberg W G & Koenker D 'The Limits of Formal Protest: Worker Activism and Social Polarization in Petrograd and Moscow, 1917', American Hist. Rev. 92 (1987)

23. Service R `The Industrial Workers' in R Service ed., Society and Politics in the Russian Revolution pp. 147-166

24. Shkliarevsky G Labor in the Russian Revolution. Factory Committees and Trade Unions, 1917-1918 (1993)

25. Shkliarevsky G L 'Factory Committees and the Establishment of the Bolshevik Dictatorship', Russian History 13 (1986) pt 4. 399-432

26. Sirianni C J Workers' Control and Socialist Democracy: The Soviet Experience (1982)

26a. Iarov S V ‘Workers’, in Critical Companion

27. Smith S A `Craft Consciousness, Class Consciousness: Petrograd 1917', History Workshop 11 (1981)

28. Smith S A Red Petrograd. Revolution in the Factories 1917-1918 (1983)

29. Smith S A Review article, Soviet Studies 33 (1981)

29a. Smith S A ‘Writing the History of the Russian Revolution after the Fall of Communism’, Europe-Asia Studies 46 (1994), pp. 563-78

29b. Smith S A ‘Factory Committees’, in Critical Companion

30. Suny R G The Baku Commune 1917-1918. Class and Nationality in the Russian Revolution (1972)

31. Suny R G `Toward a Social History of the October Revolution', American Hist. Review 88 (1983)

31a. Suny R G ‘Revision and Retreat in the Historiography of 1917: Social History and its Critics’, Russian Review 53 (1994), pp. 165-82

32. Tirado I A `The Socialist Youth Movement in Revolutionary Petrograd', Russian Review 46 (1987)

33. Volobuev P V `The Proletariat - Leader of the Socialist Revolution', Soviet Studies in History 22 (1983-84)

34. Wade R A Red Guards and Workers' Militias in the Russian Revolution (1984)

Peasants

1. Atkinson D The End of the Russian Land Commune, 1905-1930 (1983), esp. Part III

2. Figes O Peasant Russia, Civil War: The Volga Countryside in Soviet Russia (1989)

3. Figes O `The Russian Peasant Community in the Agrarian Revolution, 1917-1918', in R Bartlett, ed., Land Commune and Peasant Community in Russia (1990)

3a. Figes O ‘The Village Commune and Rural Government’, in Critical Companion

3b. Figes O ‘The Peasantry’, in Critical Companion

3c. Figes O 'Peasant Farmers and the Minority Group of Rural Society: Peasant Egalitarianism and Village Social Relations during the Russian Revolution, (1917-1921)' in E Kingston-Mann & T Mixter eds, Peasant Economy, Culture and Politics of European Russia, 1800-1921 (1991)

3d. Figes O, Kolonitskii B Interpreting the Russian Revolution. The Language and Symbols of 1917 (1999), Ch 5: 'The Language of the Revolution in the Village'

4. Gerasimenko G A `Local Peasant Organizations in 1917 and the First Half of 1918', Soviet Studies in History 16 (1977-78), no 3, 12-129

5. Gill G J Peasants and Government in the Russian Revolution (1979)

6. Gill G J `The Mainsprings of Peasant Action in 1917', Soviet Studies 30 (1978)

7. Kress J `The political consciousness of the Russian peasantry: a comment on Graeme Gill's "The mainsprings of peasant action in 1917"', Soviet Studies 31 (1979)

8. Gill G J `Peasants and political consciousness: a reply', Soviet Studies 31 (1979)

9. Lih L T Bread and Authority in Russia, 1914-1921 (1990)

10. Littlejohn G `The Peasantry and the Russian revolution', Economy and Society (1973) (debate with Shanin)

11. Owen L The Russian Peasant Movement, 1905-1917 (1937)

12. Shanin T The Awkward Class (1971)

13. Shanin T The Roots of Otherness: Russia's Turn of Century. Vol 2 (1986)

14. Wolf E Peasant Wars of the Twentieth Century

15. Perrie M `The Peasants' in R Service, ed., Society and Politics in the Russian Revolution, (1992) pp. 12-34

16. Channon J 'The Peasantry in the Revolutions of 1917' in E. G. Frankel et al. eds, Russia in Revolution: Reassessments of 1917 (1992), 105-30

17. Bukhovets O G 'The Political Consciousness of the Russian Peasantry in the Revolution of 1905-1907: Sources, Methods and Some Results' Russian Review 47 (1988), no 4, 357-74

19. Kabanov V V 'The Agrarian Revolution in Russia', Soviet Studies in History 29 (1990-91), no 4, 60-81

20. Feldman, R S 'The Russian General Staff and the June 1917 Offensive', Soviet Studies, 19 (April 1968)

Soldiers and Sailors

1. Ferro M `The Russian Soldier in 1917: Patriotic, Undisciplined and Revolutionary', Slavic Review 30 (1971)

2. Getzler I Kronstadt, 1917-1921. The Fate of a Soviet Democracy (1983)

3. Jones D R `The Officers and the October Revolution', Soviet Studies 28 (1976)

4. Kenez P `A Profile of the Pre-Revolutionary Officer Corps', California Slavic Studies (1973)

5. Longley D A `Officers and Men: A Study of the Development of Political Attitudes among the Sailors of the Baltic Fleet in 1917', Soviet Studies 25 (1973)

6. Mawdsley E The Russian Revolution and the Baltic Fleet (1978)

6a. Mawdsley E ‘Soldiers and Sailors’, in Critical Companion

7. Raskolnikov F F Kronstadt and Petrograd in 1917 (Eng. tr. 1982)

8. Mawdsley E `The Soldiers and Sailors' in R Service ed., Society and Politics in the Russian Revolution' (1992) pp. 147-166

9. Saul N Sailors in Revolt: The Baltic Fleet in 1917 (1978)

10. Rabinowitch A `The Petrograd Garrison and the Bolshevik Seizure of Power', in A Rabinowitch, ed., Revolution and Politics in Russia (1972)

11. Wildman A K `The February Revolution in the Russian Army', Soviet Studies 22 (1970)

12. Wildman A K The End of the Russian Imperial Army: The Old Army and the Soldiers' Revolt, March-April 1917 (1980)

13. Wildman A K The End of the Russian Imperial Army: The Road to Soviet Power (1987)

13a. Wildman A K ‘The Breakdown of the Imperial Army in 1917’, in Critical Companion

14. White H '1917 in the rear garrisons', in L Edmondson & P. Waldron eds. Economy and Society in Russia and the Soviet Union 1860-1930 (1992)

XIV-XVII Lenin, the Bolshevik Party and October

1. Abrosimova T A 'The Composition of the Petersburg Committee of the RSDRP(b) in 1917', in Revolutionary Russia 11, no 1 (June 1998), 37-44

2. Barfield R 'Lenin's Utopianism: "State and Revolution", Slavic Review, 30 (1971)

3. Blank S `The Bolshevik Party and the Nationalities in 1917: Reflections on the Origin of the Multi-National Soviet State', Sbornik 9 (1983)

4. Brovkin V ed The Bolsheviks in Russian Society: The Revolution and the Civil War (1997)

5. Chase W & Getty J A P `The Moscow Bolshevik Cadres of 1917: A prosopographical Analysis', Russian History 5 (1978)

6. Clements B 'Bolshevik Women in the Revolution', in M. Miller, ed., The Russian Revolution (2001)

7. Cohen S Bukharin and the Russian Revolution: A Political Biography, 1888-1938 (1974)

8. Daniels R V Red October (1967)

9. Deutscher I The Prophet Armed: Trotsky 1879-1921 (1954)

10. Evans A B 'Re-reading Lenin's State and Revolution', Slavic Review, 46 (1, 1987)

11. Ezergailis A The 1917 Revolution in Latvia (1974)

12. Ferro M October 1917. A Social History of the Russian Revolution (1980)

13. Frankel J `Lenin's doctrinal revolution of April 1917', Journal of Contemporary History IV (1969)

14. Geyer D The Russian Revolution: Historical Problems and Perspectives (Eng. tr. 1987)

15. Geyer D `The Bolshevik insurrection in Petrograd', in R Pipes, ed., Revolutionary Russia (1968)

16. Harding N `Lenin, Socialism and the State in 1917' in E R Frankel et al eds. Revolution in Russia (1992) pp. 287-303

17. Harding N Lenin's Political Thought, 2 vols (1977, 1981)

18. Hickey M C 'Revolution on the Jewish Street: Smolensk, 1917', Journal of Social History 31 (1998)

19. Keep J L H `October in the Provinces' in R Pipes, ed., Revolutionary Russia (1968)

20. Keep J L H The Russian Revolution. A Study in Mass Mobilization (1976)

21. Kingston-Mann E Lenin and the Problem of Marxist Peasant Revolution (1983)

22. Kolonitskii B I ‘The Press and the Revolution’, in Critical Companion

23. Longley D A `The Divisions in the Bolshevik Party in March 1917', Soviet Studies 24 (1972)

24. McDermid J & Hillyar A Midwives of the Revolution. Female Bolsheviks and women workers in 1917 (1999)

25. Medvedev R The October Revolution

26. Melgunov S P The Bolshevik Seizure of Power (1972)

27. Page S `Lenin in 1917: from April to July 1917', Harvard Slavonic Studies (1972)

28. Phillips H 'The Heartland Turns Red: the Bolshevik Seizure of Power in Tver', Revolutionary Russia 14, no 1 (June 2001), 1-21

29. Pipes R The Russian Revolution (1990)

30. Rabinowitch A The Prelude to Revolution: The Petrograd Bolsheviks and the July 1917 Uprising (1968)

31. Rabinowitch A The Bolsheviks Come to Power. The Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd (1976)

32. Rabinowitch A ‘The October Revolution’, in Critical Companion

33. Radkey O The Election to the Russian Constituent Assembly 1917 (1950, 2nd ed 1990)

34. Raleigh D J Revolution on the Volga: 1917 in Saratov (1985)

34a. Reed J Ten Days That Shook the World (1919)

35. Rosenberg W G `The Russian Municipal Duma Elections of 1917: a Preliminary Computation of Returns', Soviet Studies 21 (1969)

36. Saul N `Lenin's decision to seize power: the influence of events in Finland', Soviet Studies 24 (1973)

37. Schapiro L 1917: The Russian Revolutions and the Origins of Present-Day Communism (1984)

38. Schapiro L & Reddaway P Lenin: the man, the theorist, the leader: a reappraisal (1967)

39. Service R The Bolshevik Party in Revolution. A Study in Organizational Change (1979)

40. Service R `The Bolsheviks on political campaign in 1917: a case study of the war question' in E R Frankel et al eds, Russia in Revolution (1992) pp. 304-25

41. Service R Lenin: A Political Life vol 2: Worlds in Collision (1991)

42. Slusser R Stalin in October. The Man Who Missed the Revolution (1987)

43. Startsev V N `The Question of Power in the October Days of 1917', Soviet Studies in History 27 (1988)

44. Skocpol T States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and China (1978)

45. Ulam A Lenin and the Bolsheviks (1969)

46. Wade R A `The Red Guards: Spontaneity and the October Revolution', in E R Frankel et al eds. Revolution in Russia, (1992) pp. 54-75

47. Wade, R A Red Guard and Workers' Militias: Spontaneity and Leadership in the Russian Revolution (1983)

48. Wade R A `The Raionnye Sovety (district soviets) of Petrograd: The Role of Local Political Bodies in the Russian Revolution', Jarbuecher fuer Geschichte Osteuropas (1972)

49. Wolfe B Three Who Made a Revolution (1948)

50. Swain G The Origins of the Russian Civil War (1996)

Links:

Frederik Buch's site on Lenin (some biographical information and lots of pictures)

Alexandra Kollontai on October 1917

V I Lenin - April Theses

V I Lenin - Can the Bolsheviks Retain State Power?

Lenin Museum site on Lenin in October 1917

The Socialist-Revolutionary-Internationalists on the "July Days" demonstrations

J V Stalin on the "July Days" demonstrations

XVIII The Bolsheviks in Power

1. Anweiler O The Soviets: The Russian Workers, Peasants and Soldiers Councils, 1905-1921 (1974)

2. Arshinov P History of the Makhnovist Movement 1918-1921 (1987)

3. Avrich P `The Bolsheviks and Workers' Control', Slavic Review 22 (1963)

4. Benvenuti F The Bolsheviks and the Red Army, 1918-1922 (1988)

4a. Benvenuti F ‘The Red Army’, in Critical Companion

5. Berk S M `The "Class Tragedy" of Izhevsm: Working-Class Opposition to Bolshevism in 1918', Russian History 2 (1975)

6. Brinton M The Bolsheviks and Workers' Control 1917 to 1921. The State and Counter-Revolution (1975)

7. Brovkin V `The Mensheviks' Political Comeback: Elections to the Provincial City Soviets in Spring 1918', Russian Review 42 (1983)

8. Brovkin V The Mensheviks After October: Socialist Opposition and the Rise of the Bolshevik Dictatorship (1988)

9. Carr E H The Russian Revolution from Lenin to Stalin, 1917- 1929 (1979)

10. Carr E H The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917-1923, Vol. I (1950)

11. Carrere d'Encausse H Lenin: Revolution and Power (1982)

12. Chamberlin W The Russian Revolution, vol. I

13. Channon J 'The Bolsheviks and the Peasantry: the Land Question during the First Eight Months of Bolshevik Rule', Slavonic & East European Review 66 (no.4, October 1988)

14. Daniels R V The Conscience of the Revolution: Communist Opposition in Soviet Russia (1960)

15 Kowalski, R I The Bolshevik Party in Conflict. The Left Communist Opposition of 1918 (1991)

16. Deutscher I The Prophet Armed: Trotsky 1897-1921 (1954)

17. Duval C 'I. Sverdlov and the All Russian Central Executive Committee: a Study in Bolshevik Consolidation of Power, October 1917- July 1918', Soviet Studies 31 (January 1979)

18. Figes O Peasant Russia, Civil War. The Volga Countryside in the Revolution (1918-1921) (1989)

18a. Figes O ‘The village commune and rural government’, in Critical Companion

19. Getzler I Kronstadt 1917-1921 (1983)

20. Haimson L H 'The Mensheviks after the Bolshevik Revolution', Parts I & II, Russian Review 38 (October 1979), & 39 (April 1980); Part II, 39 (October 1980)

21. Harding N Lenin's Political Thought, 2 vols (1977, 1981)

22. Keep J L H The Debate on Soviet Power (1979)

23. Keep J L H The Russian Revolution. A Study in Mass Mobilization (1976)

24. Koenker D `Urbanization and Deurbanization in the Russian Revolution and Civil War', Journal of Modern History 57 (1985)

25. Koenker D et al eds Party, State and Society in the Russian Civil War: Explorations in Social History (1989)

26. Leggett G The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police (1981)

27. Liebman M The Russian Revolution (1970)

28. Lih L `Bolshevik Razverstka and War Communism', Slavic Review 45 (1986)

29. Lih L T Bread and Authority in Russia, 1914-1921 (1990)

29a. Litvinov A L ‘The Cheka’, in Critical Companion

30. Mawdsley The Russian Civil War (1987)

31. Medvedev R The October Revolution (1979)

32. Nove A An Economic History of the USSR (1992)

33. Pipes R The Russian Revolution (1990)

34. Pipes R The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism. 1917-1923 (1964)

35. Rabinowitch A `The Evolution of Local Soviets in Petrograd, November 1917-June 1918: The Case of the First City District Soviet', Slavic Review 46 (1987)

36. Radkey O The Sickle under the Hammer: The Russian Socialist Revolutionaries in the Early Months of Soviet Rule (1963)

37. Remington T F Building Socialism in Bolshevik Russia. Ideology and Industrial Organization, 1917-1921 (1984)

38. Rigby T H Lenin's Government: Sovnarkom 1917-1922 (1979)

39. Roberts P C `War Communism: a Re-examination', Slavic Review 29 (1970)

40. Rosenberg W G `Russian Labor and Bolshevik Power after October', Slavic Review 44 (1985) 213-38 (& discussion, 239-56)

41. Rosenberg W G ‘The Zemstvo in 1917 and its fate under Bolshevik rule' in T Emmons, ed., The Zemstvo in Russia (1982)

42. Rosenberg W G Liberals in the Russian Revolution, 1917-1921 (1974)

43. Sakwa R Soviet Communists in Power: A Study of Moscow during the Civil War, 1918-1921 (1988)

44. Schapiro L The Origins of the Communist Autocracy (1977, 2^nd ed)

45. Schapiro L & Reddaway P Lenin: the man, the theorist, the leader: a reappraisal (1967)

46. Service R Lenin. A Political Life, Vol. 2 (1991)

47. Service R The Bolshevik Party in Revolution. A Study in Organizational Change 1917-1923 (1979)

48. Sirianni C J Workers' Control and Socialist Democracy: The Soviet Experience (1982)

48a. Smirnov N N ‘The Soviets’, in Critical Companion

48b. Smith J The Bolsheviks and the National Question (1999)

49. Smith S A Red Petrograd. Revolution in the Factories, 1917-1918 (1983)

49a. Smith S A ‘Factory Committees’, in Critical Companion

50. Swain G 'Before the Fighting Started: A Discussion on the Theme of "The Third Way"', Revolutionary Russia 4 (2, 1991)

51. Ulam A B Lenin and the Bolsheviks (1969)

52. Voline The Unknown Revolution 1917-1921 (1974)

Links:

1918 RSFSR Constitution

Alan M. Ball - And Now My Soul is Hardened: Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia 1918 - 1930

Decree on the Foundation of the Cheka, 1917

Decree on Socialisation of Land, 19 February 1918

Documents granting independence to Finland, December 1917

Emma Goldman - My Disillusionment in Russia

Kronstadt Soviet March 1921 - Izvestiya

P A Kropotkin to Lenin on hostage-taking, 1920

Lenin's speeches at the All-Russia Central Executive Committee, 4/17 November 1917

V I Lenin - A Great Beginning

Yu O Martov - Down with the Death Penalty! (1918) - Menshevik critique of Bolshevik rule

Arthur Ransome - Russia in 1919

Arthur Ransome - Crisis in Russia (1920)

John Reed - Aspects of the Russian Revolution (1919)

John Reed - The Structure of the Soviet State (1918)

Soviet-US agreement on food aid, 1920

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1918

Leon Trotsky - Terrorism and Communism

Edward Acton/Francis King

September 2002

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