This is a compulsory and restricted module for MSc in Biotechnology for a Sustainable Future. AIDS, cystic fibrosis and diabetes all share one thing in common; they are some of the incurable diseases of the 21st century. Incurable diseases combined with the continued increase in drug resistance and newly emerging diseases demands new approaches to drug discovery and therapeutics. Medical Biotechnology (red biotechnology) underpins current approaches in improving diagnostics, drug design, drug delivery and disease monitoring and the evolution of personalized medicine will in the future see treatments based on genetic abnormalities rather than symptoms. In this module we will discuss the use of biotechnology in biomedical research and development, as well as in the current clinical setting. Where appropriate, successful case histories will be discussed. We will also consider the potential medical applications of biotechnology in the future.